The effect of ankyloglossia and tongue-tie division on speech articulation: A systematic review.

Aim Ankyloglossia is a common congenital malformation characterized by a short, thick, or tight tongue frenulum and its effect on speech articulation remains controversial. This study aimed to evaluate 1) the association between ankyloglossia and speech disorders, and 2) the effectiveness of surgical interventions on the articulation of patients with ankyloglossia. Material and methods A comprehensive search of PubMed was conducted. Randomized control trials (RCTs), cohort studies, case-control studies, and case series with over five cases were included. Result Of the 16 included studies, except for one cross-sectional study, all studies were small in sample size. The evidence quality was generally low, with an average of 3.88 in a seven-point system. Three studies investigated the occurrence of speech disorders in the ankyloglossia population and obtained different results. Fifteen studies assessed the effectiveness of surgery, among which eight self-control studies observed significant postoperative improvement, whereas three of four cohort studies with untreated controls reported no significant differences. Three RCTs compared surgical techniques and one pointed out the advantage of frenuloplasty over frenulotomy. Conclusion There was no clear connection between ankyloglossia and speech disorders. More widely accepted uniform grading systems and well-designed clinical studies are urgently needed.