Development of new leukoplakias and leukoplakia-associated second/multiple primary oral cancers: A case report and literature review

Abstract We present the case of a 39-year-old male primary leukoplakia patient who developed multiple new leukoplakias and multiple leukoplakia-associated primary oral cancers during a 20-year follow-up period. In addition, 9 previous studies involving primary leukoplakia patients, including six involving patients who developed new leukoplakias and three involving patients with second/multiple primary oral cancers, are reviewed. The tendency for primary leukoplakia patients to develop new leukoplakias and leukoplakia-associated second/multiple primary oral cancers after treatment is highlighted. Lifelong follow-up is recommended for patients with leukoplakia.