Sustainable Nanostructural Materials for Tissue Engineering

Abstract Tissue engineering is associated with living cells, materials, and methods, as well as biochemical and physicochemical factors to improve or replace biological tissues. In this context, the recent development in bio-nanotechnology increases the likelihood of engineered nanomaterials in tissue engineering applications. Although a wide variety of nanostructural materials are available, it is a real challenge to choose the right combination. Tissue engineering always advocates the use of materials with unique physical, chemical, and biological attributes, which can enhance tissue regeneration process. In the recent years, engineered bio-nano interface comes out as an emerging prospect to accomplish the desired criteria of tissue engineering. The state-of-the-art literature affirms nanoscale materials to be ideal for effecting changes at the biomolecular level. Bio-nano interface offers manipulation of chemical, physical, and biological properties at a desired level, which can be directed to induce formation of new tissues or repairing of damage tissues. Moreover, in recent time, sustainable nanostructural materials come under substantial scrutiny for various biomedical applications. Ease of preparation, apparent biocompatibility, and inherent biodegradability compared to the synthetic nanomaterials make sustainable nanomaterials more attractive for tissue engineering. Nanomaterials, such as cellulose fibers, silk fibrins, nanoclays, nanohydroxyapatite, and carbon dots, and their polymer nanocomposites have been well recognized as sustainable tissue engineering materials. Under such perception, this chapter would like to make a general description on sustainable nanomaterials, interaction of these nanomaterials at biointerfaces, and their applicability in tissue engineering applications.