Multi-objective optimization for a sustainable closed-loop supply chain network

In this paper, we have successfully formulated problems of the closed-loop supply chain network based on the triple-bottom-line perspective. Specifically this paper measures the level of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and captures that the customer demand is influenced by the level of CSR, which is rarely discussed in the current supply chain management literature. Since the formulation has the attributes of non-linearity, non-continuity, and multi-objectives, an improved particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm was used to solve the problem.