Early development of pleuroperitoneal fold of the diaphragm in the rat fetus

: The embryonic diaphragm comprises four major structural components derived from the transverse septum, the dorsal foregut mesentery, the pleuroperitoneal folds (PPFs), and the body wall. In this study, the appearance of PPFs and related factors were investigated using light microscopy of horizontal sections of rat fetuses from embryonic day 12 to 13. In rat fetuses, the sign of PPF projection was noted in the sidewall of the pericardioperitoneal canal at embryonic day 12, and was confirmed as folds at embryonic day 12.25. Expressions of GATA4, COUP-TF2, and FOG2 were detected in PPF at the early stage of formation. Localizations of these factors suggested that COUP-TF2 and FOG2 are the main factors in PPF appearance and that GATA4 is unlikely to be a main factor, although it is necessary for PPF formation.