Sepsis and Septic Shock

Sepsis and septic shock are common diagnoses made in emergency departments (ED) across the globe daily. The typical presentation of sepsis and related shock is a result of systemic vasodilation and volume depletion. In response to the pro-inflammatory state, the systemic vascular resistance (SVR) decreases, resulting in low central venous pressure (CVP) and subsequent increased cardiac output (CO). The hemodynamic changes mentioned in combination with a poorly regulated inflammatory response lead to impaired oxygen delivery and organ injury and failure. To reduce consequence of this disease, early diagnosis and intervention is key. Early suspicion of sepsis may be assisted by use of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) criteria in the setting of infection. Identification of organ dysfunction and assessment of hemodynamic status are imperative in appropriately diagnosing and managing sepsis and septic shock. Protocol-driven care is ideal for treatment, so that appropriate therapies, including antibiotics, are being delivered in a timely manner.