Determination of banned dyes in red spices by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure ionization-tandem mass spectrometry

Abstract This paper reports the development of an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC‒MS/MS) method to determine eight banned dyes (Sudan I-IV, Sudan Orange, Sudan Red 7B, Para Red, Rhodamine B) in turmeric, curry, and chili products. For this purpose, the feasibility of electrospray (ESI), atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) and atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) for the ionization of these compounds was evaluated. The tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) fragmentation of all targeted compounds was studied and both multistage mass spectrometry and high-resolution mass spectrometry were used to establish the fragmentation pathways and identify common fragmentation behaviors. Among the most significant ions, the most characteristic and abundant product ions observed on the triple quadrupole were selected to propose a selective and sensitive UHPLC‒MS/MS method (multiple reaction monitoring mode, MRM) of these target compounds in spices samples after a quick and easy extraction with acetonitrile. Matrix effect (ME) studies carried out in the three atmospheric pressure ionization sources have demonstrated that APCI showed the best performance with ME values ranging from 2 to 25%. Furthermore, the estimated quality parameters indicated the good performance of the proposed method, providing low method limits of detection (MLODs) (1–48 μg kg−1), good intra-day precision (RSD %