Graphene oxide-based fluorescent detection of DNA and enzymes using Hoechst 33258 and its use for dual-output fluorescent logic gates

Based on graphene oxide and Hoechst 33258, bioassays towards target DNA and several enzymes including Exo III and Dam MTase were established. This strategy eliminates the need for modification of oligonucleotides, and can give similarly satisfactory results compared to traditional methods using labelled DNA. Moreover, “AND” and “INHIBIT” dual-output DNA logic gates were developed.