Effects of cobalt oxide nanomaterial on plants and soil invertebrates at different levels of biological organization

Purpose Metallic nanomaterials (MNM) like cobalt oxide (nano-Co3O4) are currently attracting enormous interest owing to their unique size and shape-dependent properties and potential applications in various sectors. The aims of this study were to assess the toxicity of nano-Co3O4 and to propose a risk limit through the estimation of a Predicted No Effect Concentration (PNEC) for this MNM to soil biota.