Cobalt exposure increases the risk of fibrosis of people living near E‑waste recycling area.

Abstract The toxicity of heavy metals is one of the major public health issues leading to hazardous effects on humans. Many studies focus on the adverse effects on people who were working in or living near E-waste recycling. However, little is known to the sustaining effects of E-waste exposure on human health after the recycling factories were shut down. In the present study, we collected the blood of people living near E‑waste recycling facilities after the recycling factories were closed for 2 years. Eight heavy metals were examined in all blood samples. The results revealed that the blood levels of lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), mercury (Hg) were significantly higher in the exposed group than in the reference group, and no difference was observed for copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), stannum (Sn), cadmium (Cd). Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) were analyzed as the important indicators of fibrosis, which were statistically significantly higher in the exposed group than in the reference group. 8-isoprostane (8-I) and malondialdehyde (MDA) as the biomarkers of oxidative stress (OS) were elevated in the exposed group. Furthermore, both Spearman correlation and multiple linear regression showed that Co was positively correlated with TGF-β, α-SMA and 8-I in the exposed group. Accordingly, we speculate that high concentrations of Co dissolved in the blood may increase the risk of tissue fibrosis through stimulating myofibroblast activation and OS involve in the process, which may provide some potential new hints for the intervention for tissue fibrosis in the future.