Reconstruction and characterization of the surface drainage system functioning during extreme rainfall: the analysis with use of the ALS-LIDAR data—the case study in two small flysch catchments (Outer Carpathian, Poland)

A surface drainage system (SDS) controls catchment hydrology and acts as an indicator of geomorphologic processes. In this study, a field-based and GIS-integrated approach enabling reconstruction of a surface drainage system, which operates during heavy rainfall in small flysch catchments, has been proposed. The reconstruction is based on the ALS-LIDAR data. The reconstruction of the SDS gave the opportunity for analysis of the changes between the river system and the SDS operating during heavy rainfalls. Results have revealed that the SDS operating during heavy rainfalls is several times better developed than the river system. The density has increased from c.a. 1.5 to 13.7 km·km− 2. Moreover, the structure of the SDS has changed, what was confirmed by the parameters of the Hortonian type of the analyses. The most significant changes were related to the first- and second-order streams. These streams were, the most frequently, the man-origin incisions and natural-origin incisions/concavities on the hillslopes conditioned by micro-relief. The man-origin sub-system reached up to 35% of the SDS functioning during heavy rainfalls, whereas the sub-system composed of incisions/concavities conditioned by micro-relief reached up to 24% of this SDS. Smaller lateral valleys included to the SDS during heavy rainfalls constitute up to 37% of the SDS. The permanent streams constitute the remaining part of the SDS. Changes in the SDS have the influence on the drainage pattern, hydrological response of a catchment, and intensity of geomorphological processes; therefore, the changes in the SDS and their consequences have been discussed.