Epigenetics: A Hidden Target of Insecticides

Abstract Epigenetic mechanisms are a responsive element at the genotype-to-phenotype interface, since they are involved in the regulation of developmental processes, mediation of homeostasis, induction of responses to the external environment, and even in transgenerational inheritance of gene expression patterns. The scenario of insecticidal exposure sets a strong pressure on insect species, and without any means of resistance mechanisms they will not survive—what is the purpose of insecticide applications. For reasons of public health and industrial agriculture, the use of insecticides in vector and pest control programmes is inevitable. However, there is no insecticide class left without a documented resistance response in insect species. Evidence suggests that among the known resistance mechanisms, epigenetic mechanisms may also play an important role in their development. Expression control via DNA methylation patterns and, by implication, the control of DNA methylation patterns might create a sensitive and reactive mode of action to enhance early on adaptation. Our understanding of how exactly insecticide resistance mechanisms involve the epigenetic system is still scarce and in-depth investigations are needed. Moreover, the epigenetic system contains promising targets that could be used in vector genetics and biochemistry to design novel insecticidal chemicals for a more sustainable vector and pest management in the future.