Bioaccessibility constrains the co-composting bioremediation of field aged PAH contaminated soils

Abstract Co-composting for the remediation treatment of aged polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in field contaminated soil was examined in this study. Two PAH contaminated soils collected from a manufacturing gas plant site with high PAH concentrations (184.00 ± 3.99 mg kg−1 and 490.0 ± 43.53 mg kg−1) were co-composted with cattle manure and wheat straw for up to 56 days in laboratory microcosms. A range of optimised co-composting treatments including addition of Triton-X100 surfactant and a biological surfactant from the Australian Red Ash tree (Alphitonia excelsa) were tested. There was no significant decrease in the PAH concentrations in any of the different co-composting treatments for either of the soils, despite an 87% decrease in a phenanthrene spike (100 mg kg−1), and evidence of PAH microbial catabolic activity. Non-exhaustive extraction using hydroxypropl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) and linear regression modelling confirmed that PAH bioaccessibility constrained PAH co-composting remediation in these soils. The results demonstrate that co-composting alone is not an effective remediation strategy for certain aged PAH contaminated soils. For these soils some form of pre-composting chemical or engineering treatment is required to overcome bioaccessibility limitations in successful remediation.