The political use of victimhood: Spanish collective memory of ETA through the war on terror paradigm

Victims have become a topic of scholarly debate in conflict studies, especially regarding the impact of their activism on the evolution and termination of violence. Victims of terrorism are now enlisted within counterterrorism, given their moral authority as spokespeople for counter-narratives and de-escalation. Our research explores how Spanish terrorism Victims’ Associations have evolved across eras of political violence and how they mediate the translation of international War on Terror discourses into Spanish counterterrorism. We offer a topography of how the War on Terror has opened a ‘social front’ in Spanish counter-terrorism, with Spanish political elites prominently employing the Victims’ Associations to this end. Contemporary terrorism discourses are read back onto the memory of ETA, with Victims’ Associations assisting the equation of ETA with Al Qaeda and ISIS. Collective memory of the defeat of ETA has also contributed the veneer of ‘lessons learned’ to contemporary counterterrorism measures. Our research explores the fluidity of terrorism-memory and the importation of global terrorism discourses into Spanish politics, relying upon interviews with key stakeholders in Victims’ Associations, local politics, and the research director of the new Centre for the Memory of Victims of Terrorism in Vitoria.