Progressive graphene derivatives scaffold based for tissue engineering application: A review

Tissue engineering is able to produce, reconstruct, restore tissue, and organ through the scaffold. Tissue engineering formations are scaffold, cells, and growth factors. Graphene derivatives have opportunities to become materials promote endurance cells growth for tissue engineering forming a scaffold with specific characteristic in proper mechanical properties, physicochemical ability, enhance adhesion, proliferation, differentiation, and signaling to cells. Graphene and its derivatives are divided into three common types are pristine graphene as pure graphene, graphene oxide, and reduced graphene. Graphene derivatives have been used for various applications in tissue engineering, particularly for the use of induced osteogenesis, chondrogenesis, and drug delivery systems. Drug delivery is a new method to a vehicle the drugs through the site and control the drug loads inside using a scaffold. This review will demonstrate the progressive developments of the graphene derivatives scaffold-based in tissue engineering. In Preferential, we critically discuss and analyze the application of graphene derivatives in bone, cartilage tissue engineering, drug delivery system, and graphene biocompatibility. We hope the summary of this review will inspire others to studies on graphene derivatives in tissue engineering application so that it can be implemented in the next future clinical treatment.