Bite-force development, metabolic and circulatory response to electrical stimulation in the canine and porcine masseter muscles

Abstract The development of fatigue was investigated by electrical stimulation in 15 domestic pigs (1 yr old, 70–90 kg body weight) and seven adult dogs (3 yr old, 45 kg body weight). After anaesthesia, silver electrodes were implanted in the anterior and posterior parts of the right masseter muscles. The contralateral muscle was used as control. The bite force was measured. Muscle biopsies were obtained from the anterior, central and posterior parts, and were immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen. A fluorometrical analysis by enzymatic methods for glycogen, glucose, creatine phosphate, NAD, NADH, lactate and pyruvate was made. Blood flow was measured by 133 Xe wash-out; oxygen consumption was monitored with an oxygen electrode. The porcine masseter was continously stimulated for 60 min (100 V, 4 Hz and 2ms). The canine masseter was intermittently stimulated (100 V, 20 Hz and 2ms). The contraction was repeated four times, with a 10-min rest between. The porcine masseter could sustain longer endurance times than the canine masseter, which was easily fatigued. A marked substrate depletion was evident. The precontractional contents of glycogen, glucose and creatine phospate were reduced. Lactate accumulation was evident (2–4 times more in the porcine and 4–8 times more in the canine masseter). The NADH concentration increased and the NAD content decreased. Blood-flow impairment (80% reduction in the dog, 60% in the pig) was observed. After the contraction phase, there was a hyperaemia (58% elevation of blood flow in the pig masseter, 45% in the canine). The oxygen tension followed in magnitude and time the blood-flow changes. These circulatory variables returned to normal after recovery. The high degree of substrate depletion, blood-flow impairment and a simultaneous decrease in oxygen transport to the contracted muscle, in combination with a prominent lactate accumulation, may induce a decrease in bite-force production.