Zero or negative thermal expansion of Fe-Pd alloys and the cause of Invar characteristic

Abstract To explore the cause of Invar characteristic, different ways of the low thermal expansion and the corresponding magnetization-temperature curves and X-ray spectra were examined for Fe-Pd Invar alloys, compared with Fe-Ni Invar alloys. Thus, a characteristic X-ray pattern and antiferromagnetic behavior were found with the low thermal expansion.