Impact économique de la protection des sols à l'amont des bassins sur l'agriculture irriguée à l'aval: analyse par l'approche Target MOTAD

2013 
francaisDans le cadre de la strategie nationale de conservation des eaux des sols en Tunisie,plusieurs programmes d�amenagement sont actuellement mis en oeuvre a l�amont desbassins versants dans l�objectif de reduire l�erosion, d�augmenter la productivite del�agriculture pluviale et d�ameliorer les revenus des populations locales. L�impact potentielde ces programmes sur l�evolution des activites economiques et/ou environnementalesdans la partie aval des bassins est generalement ignore. En couplant un modelehydrologique a un modele d�optimisation economique Target MOTAD, ce travaila simule, dans le cas du bassin versant de Oued Merguellil, l�impact de differents scenario de reduction de l�erosion a l�amont sur l�evolution des revenus economiquesdes agriculteurs dans la plaine, situee a l�aval du bassin, ou se developpe un large perimetreirrigue a partir d�une nappe souterraine alimentee par les eaux de ruissellementprovenant de l�amont. Les scenarios simules consistent a reduire l�erosion de25%, 50% et 75% par rapport a son niveau maximum. Les resultats obtenus montrentque tous les scenarios simules impliquent une diminution du revenu economique dansla plaine qui devient particulierement elevee au-dela du scenario de reduction de l�erosionde 50%. Ils montrent egalement que les gains de revenus obtenus a l�amont, qui resultent de laprotection des sols et du captage de l�eau, ne peuvent compenser que partiellement lespertes economiques subies dans la plaine et on assiste alors a une chute du revenuglobal degage a l�echelle du bassin (amont et aval). Des lors, le ciblage de la reductio de l�erosion a l�amont serait la politique d�amenagement la plus indiquee. EnglishFor the implementation of the Tunisian strategy for soil and water conservation, severalmanagement programs have been launched on upstream watershed to reduce erosion,increase rain-fed agriculture productivity and improve local population income.The potential impact of these programs on the economic benefits of activities and environmentalliability in the downstream area are generally ignored. In this study, a hydrologicalmodel has been coupled to an economic optimization model (Target MOTAD).It is designed to simulate, in the case of Merguellil watershed, the potential impactof different scenarios of upstream erosion reduction on the farmers� returns in theplain, located in the downstream area. The plain is irrigated from groundwater aquiferwhich is naturally recharged with runoff water from the upstream. The scenarios simulatedenvisage erosion reduction by 25%, 50% and 75% compared to its maximumlevel. Results show that all the simulated scenarios reduce the economic returns offarmers in the plain; that becomes particularly high beyond the erosion reduction by50%. They also show that income gains obtained upstream, resulting from soil conservationand water harvesting, can only partially compensate the economic losses inthe plain; this leads to a decrease in the total economic income across the basin (upstreamand downstream). Therefore, reducing soil erosion in the upstream watershedseems to be the most appropriate management strategy.
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