Division of Military and Civilian Officials in the Wei,Jin,and Southern and Northern Dynasties——Clarification of Several Definitions

In the Wei,Jin,and Southern and Northern Dynasties,in view of military and civilian positions,generals,military officers and warriors were used for different marshals,which differed from local administrators,however,generals had wider meanings in that they also meant central and local marshals.Designations of civil servants and military officers became popular in the Eastern Han Dynasty,mainly for distinguishing central government officials.In the Eastern and Western Han Dynasties,civilian and military officials were of symmetrical positions,special emphasis was laid on clerical officials.After Han Dynasty,those,who were originally army officials and famous for their military achievements,were gradually classified into groups of knights,soldiers,martial military men and warriors,typical of bravery,little knowledge and incapability for official positions.On the other hand,civilian groups were named for legalist officials,civil officials of Confucian scholars,men of letters and scholars,although different titles meant they had mastered more or less knowledge,they were characteristic of not being good at military,different from military officials.