Coupling contraction, excitation, ventricular and coronary blood flow across scale and physics in the heart

In this study, we review the development and application of multi-physics and multi-scale coupling in the construction of whole-heart physiological models. Through an examination of recent computational modelling developments, we analyse the significance of coupling mechanisms for the increased understanding of cardiac function in the areas of excitation–contraction, coronary blood flow and ventricular fluid mechanical coupling. Within these physiological domains, we demonstrate and discuss the importance of model parametrization, imaging-based model anatomy and computational implementation.