Physical activity, physical fitness, and body composition among children and young adults with visual impairments: A systematic review

The aim of the review was to evaluate current evidence-based knowledge about physical activity, physical fitness, and body composition among children and young adults with visual impairments. A systematic literature review of articles published between January 1984 and April 2014 inclusive was conducted. The participants were in the age range of 5–22 years. A total of 29 publications met the inclusion criteria. In general, the findings revealed lower levels of participation in physical activity, poorer physical fitness, and higher prevalence of overweight and obesity among children with visual impairments compared to children with no reported visual impairments. Lack of longitudinal observational studies and randomized clinical trials reduced the possibilities to draw cause–effect conclusions. However, the 23 cross-sectional studies confirmed that young adults with visual impairment may need more physical activity to become fitter and have a healthier body composition. Furthermore, low physical activity m...