On the rotating nonlinear Klein-Gordon equation: non-relativistic limit and numerical methods

We consider numerics / asymptotics for the rotating nonlinear Klein-Gordon (RKG) equation, an important PDE in relativistic quantum physics that can model a rotating galaxy in Minkowski metric and serves also as a model e.g. for a "cosmic superfluid". Firstly, we formally show that in the non-relativistic limit RKG converges to coupled rotating nonlinear Schrodinger equations (RNLS), which is used to describe the particle-antiparticle pair dynamics. Investigations of the vortex state of RNLS are carried out. Secondly, we propose three different numerical methods to solve RKG from relativistic regimes to non-relativistic regimes in polar and Cartesian coordinates. In relativistic regimes, a semi-implicit finite difference Fourier spectral method is proposed in polar coordinates where both rotation terms are diagonalized simultaneously. While in non-relativistic regimes, to overcome the fast temporal oscillations, we adopt the rotating La-grangian coordinates and introduce two efficient multiscale methods with uniform accuracy, i.e., the multi-revolution composition method and the exponential integrator. Various numerical results confirm (uniform) accuracy of our methods. Simulations of vortices dynamics are presented.