Experimental investigation of the lift-off height and soot formation of a spray flame for different co-flow conditions and fuels

Abstract Since the combustion process in spray flames is a highly complex multi-phase phenomenon, which involves several simultaneous processes such as atomization, vaporization, and chemical kinetics, it is still not fully understood. In the present work, an experimental investigation has been performed for three different hydrocarbon fuels (n-Heptane, n-Decane, n-Dodecane), in order to understand the effect of varying co-flow conditions, fuel mass flow rate, and fuel type on both the flame lift-off height and soot formation. The fuels were injected through a hollow-cone spray injector, with a nominal spray cone angle of 80 ∘ and orifice diameter of 120 μ m in an annular non-swirled preheated air co-flow. The flame lift-off height was determined by recording the OH* chemiluminescence, whereas soot formation has been determined through the color diffused back-illumination extinction technique. From the results, it has been observed for a certain fuel that the flame lift-off height is mainly controlled by the co-flow velocity and air co-flow temperature. The results also show that the fuel that yields largest droplet size and that possesses the lowest volatility exhibits the highest flame lift-off height. Furthermore, the results evidence a strong influence of the co-flow velocity on the soot formation. With an increase in co-flow velocity, the flame lift-off height is increased and so the amount of air entrainment, leading to a less rich reaction zone just downstream of the lift-off height, which in turn results in less soot formation. Finally, the comparison among different fuels shows that their differences in soot formation are likely related to fuel sooting tendency. This property, in turn, depends on the fuel molecular structure playing an important role on its determination.