Photodynamic inhibition of Trichophyton rubrum: in vitro activity and the role of oxidative and nitrosative bursts in fungal death

Results: The optimal conditions for in vitro aPI were 10 mg/L for TBO and 48 J/cm for LED; these conditions were fungicidal or inhibited .98% of fungal growth depending on the strain tested. LED or TBO treatment alone did not inhibit growth. The MICs of cyclopiroxolamine were 2.0 mg/L for 90% of the strains. Analysis of time–kill curves revealed that pathogen death occurred 24 h post-treatment. Quantification of ROS, ONOO. and NO. revealed improvement after aPI.