Metabolic responses produced by crude versus dispersed oil in Chinook salmon pre-smolts via NMR-based metabolomics

Abstract Crude oil spills from tankers remain a serious threat along coastal California. Resource managers require information on the acute toxicity of treated and untreated oil, and their sublethal effects on wildlife. This investigation compared the toxic actions of the water-accommodated fraction (WAF) and the chemically-enhanced WAF (CEWAF; Corexit 9500) of Prudhoe Bay crude oil in pre-smolt Chinook salmon ( Oncorhynchus tshawytscha ) via nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics. Metabolite profiles from muscle samples, after 96 h exposures, were measured using 1D 1 H NMR and compared via principal component analysis. It was determined that both WAF and CEWAF produced similar profiles in which amino acids, lactate and ATP comprised the highest intensity signals. Overall, metabolic substrates and growth measurements did not show residual effects of short-term exposure on long-term development. In conclusion, the 96 h LC 50 s indicate dispersant application significantly decreased hydrocarbon potency and identified metabolites may be bio-indicators of hydrocarbon stress from hydrocarbon exposure.