Bolus application of landiolol and esmolol: comparison of the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles in a healthy Caucasian group

Purpose The aim of this prospective study was to compare in non-Asian subjects the pharmacokinetics (PK), pharmacodynamics (PD), safety, and tolerability of two short-acting cardioselective β1-adrenergic antagonists, landiolol and esmolol, after administration of three different bolus dosages.