Large-scale analysis of interindividual variability in single and paired-pulse TMS data: results from the ‘Big TMS Data Collaboration’

Abstract Objective Interindividual variability of single and paired-pulse TMS data has limited the clinical and experimental applicability of these methods. This study brought together over 60 TMS researchers to create the largest known sample of individual participant single and paired-pulse TMS data to date, enabling a more comprehensive evaluation of factors driving response variability. Methods 118 corresponding authors provided deidentified individual TMS data. Mixed-effects regression investigated a range of individual and study level variables for their contribution to variability in response to single and pp TMS data. Results 687 healthy participant’s TMS data was pooled across 35 studies. Target muscle, pulse waveform, neuronavigation use, and TMS machine significantly predicted an individual’s single pulse TMS amplitude. Baseline MEP amplitude, M1 hemisphere, and biphasic AMT significantly predicted SICI response. Baseline MEP amplitude, test stimulus intensity, interstimulus interval, monophasic RMT, monophasic AMT, and biphasic RMT significantly predicted ICF response. Age, M1 hemisphere, and TMS machine significantly predicted motor threshold. Conclusions This large-scale analysis has identified a number of factors influencing participants’ responses to single and paired pulse TMS. We provide specific recommendations to increase the standardisation of TMS methods within and across laboratories, thereby minimising interindividual variability in single and pp TMS data. Highlights 687 healthy participant’s TMS data was pooled across 35 studies Significant relationships between age and resting motor threshold Significant relationships between baseline MEP amplitude and SICI/ICF