Range of validity of an extended WKB theory for atmospheric gravity waves: one-dimensional and two-dimensional case

A computational model of the pseudo-incompressible equations is used to probe the range of validity of an extended Wentzel–Kramers–Brillouin theory (XWKB), previously derived through a distinguished limit of a multiple-scale asymptotic analysis of the Euler or pseudo-incompressible equations of motion, for gravity-wave packets at large amplitudes. The governing parameter of this analysis had been the scale-separation ratio between the gravity wave and both the large-scale potential-temperature stratification and the large-scale wave-induced mean flow. A novel feature of the theory had been the non-resonant forcing of higher harmonics of an initial wave packet, predominantly by the large-scale gradients in the gravity-wave fluxes. In the test cases considered a gravity-wave packet is propagating upwards in a uniformly stratified atmosphere. Large-scale winds are induced by the wave packet, and possibly exert a feedback on the latter. In the limit all predictions of the theory can be validated. The larger is the more the transfer of wave energy to the mean flow is underestimated by the theory. The numerical results quantify this behaviour but also show that, qualitatively, XWKB remains valid even when the gravity-wave wavelength approaches the spatial scale of the wave-packet amplitude. This includes the prevalence of first and second harmonics and the smallness of harmonics with wave number higher than two. Furthermore, XWKB predicts for the vertical momentum balance an additional leading-order buoyancy term in Euler and pseudo-incompressible theory, compared with the anelastic theory. Numerical tests show that this term is relatively large with up to of the total balance. The practical relevance of this deviation remains to be assessed in future work.