GROWTH DIFFERENTIATION FACTOR-15 (GDF-15) AND THE RISK OF CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS IN PATIENTS WITH STABLE ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE

Higher levels of growth differentiation factor (GDF)-15, a stress-responsive cytokine, are associated with mortality in patients with cardiovascular (CV) disease; however, the independent relationship between GDF-15 and ischemic events in patients with stable ischemic heart disease (SIHD) is unclear