Retention in care for persons with opioid use disorder transitioning from sublingual to injectable buprenorphine

Abstract Introduction In the current overdose epidemic, effective treatments for opioid use disorders (OUD), including innovations in medication delivery such as extended-release formulations, have the potential to improve treatment access and reduce treatment discontinuation. This study assessed treatment retention in a primary care–based, extended-release buprenorphine program. Methods The study recruited individuals (n = 92) who transitioned from sublingual buprenorphine to extended-release buprenorphine (BUP-XR) in 2018–2019. The study defined the primary outcome, treatment retention, as three or more consecutive, monthly BUP-XR injections following the transition to BUP-XR in this retrospective chart review. Results Participants' mean age was 38 years old and 67% were male. The average duration of sublingual buprenorphine prior to transition was 17.1 (±28.1) months. Three months after transition, 48% of extended-release buprenorphine patients had discontinued BUP-XR treatment. Persons with chronic pain were more likely, and those who had used heroin in the past month less likely to continue BUP-XR. Mean months on sublingual buprenorphine prior to BUP-XR initiation was 24.3 (±32.5) months for people who received 3+ post-induction injections compared to only 8.9 (±19.5) months for those who did not (p = .009). Conclusions Extended-release buprenorphine discontinuation was high in a real-world setting. Retention continues to represent a major obstacle to treatment effectiveness, and programs need interventions with even newer MOUD formulations.