Indoxyl sulfate is an independent risk factor for coronary heart disease in patients with chronic kidney disease

Population-based cohort studies have identified chronic kidney disease (CKD) as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and coronary heart disease (CHD) . In CKD, the rates of CVD and CHD development increase due to cardiovascular abnormalities caused by progression of kidney disease. It is clear that cardio-renal interaction has an important pathophysiologic role in the development Indoxyl sulfate is an independent risk factor for coronary heart disease in patients with chronic kidney disease