Genetic assignment of captive European pond turtles (Emys orbicularis) increases conservation value of recovery centres

Abstract Chelonians (turtles and tortoises) are key, but highly endangered, ecological components. Pet trade is a pervasive threat that often results in the confiscation of specimens, or their release in non-native regions. Emys orbicularis is considered near threatened, with declining populations across its western Palaeartic range. Individuals of unknown origin (confiscated or wild-caught) are maintained in zoos and recovery centres, draining space and resources with no benefit to wild populations. Here, we applied genetic assignment methods to 61 captive and wild-caught individuals from Spain, Portugal and Morocco of unknown origin, using robust genetic databases constructed for the species (ca. 1600 individuals sequenced for the cytochrome b), and for the Ibero-Maghrebian E. o. occidentalis (453 individuals genotyped with microsatellites). We identified unknown individuals as assigned or ambiguous, based on their membership coefficient (q) for a total of 15 genetic clusters, and provide evidence of long-distance translocations, possible due to illegal trade. We advocate for wildlife forensic science as a fundamental tool for reintroductions, and highlight the significance of recovery centres in the management of endangered species.