Multi-muscle electrical stimulation and stand training: Effects on standing

Objective: To examine the biomechanical and neuromuscular effects of a longitudinal multi-muscle electrical stimulation (submaximal intensities) training of the lower limbs combined with/without activity-based stand training, on the recovery of stability and function for one individual with spinal cord injury (SCI).Design: Single-subject, longitudinal study.Setting: Neuroplasticity laboratory.Participant: A 34-year-old male, with sensory- and motor-complete SCI (C5/C6).Interventions: Two consecutive interventions: 61 hours of supine, lower-limb ES (ES-alone) and 51 hours of ES combined with stand training using an overhead body-weight support system (ST + ES).Outcome Measures: Clinical measures, trunk stability, and muscle activity were assessed and compared across time points. Trunk Stability Limit (TSL) determined improvements in trunk independence.Results: Functional clinical values increased after both interventions, with further increases post ST + ES. Post ES-alone, trunk stability was maintained at...