Metilação genética, neoplasia intraepitelial cervical e câncer do colo uterino

2012 
O câncer de colo uterino e uma importante causa de morte entre as mulheres em paises subdesenvolvidos. A infeccao persistente pelo papilomavirus humano (HPV) oncogenico e o comprometimento da resposta imune sao fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento da neoplasia intraepitelial cervical (NIC) e sua progressao para o câncer cervical invasivo. O diagnostico precoce e o tratamento das lesoes precursoras do câncer sao de grande importância. Estudos epigeneticos estao sendo realizados com o objetivo de avaliar sua influencia nos processos de oncogenese, visto que alteracoes epigeneticas estao presentes em quase todos os tumores. A metilacao de DNA e a acetilacao de histonas sao as duas mudancas epigeneticas mais estudadas. O melhor entendimento do perfil epigenetico na neoplasia intraepitelial cervical e no câncer cervical invasor pode ser utilizado no diagnostico e prognostico deste câncer. O objetivo desta revisao consistiu em entender as mudancas epigeneticas encontradas ate o momento nas pacientes com NIC e câncer de colo uterino. Foi realizada revisao da literatura de estudos indexados em banco de dados, como PubMed e LILACS. Verificou-se que, ate o presente momento, nao ha um marcador de metilacao que tenha o desempenho adequado para servir como indicador para as lesoes precursoras do câncer, ou mesmo para o carcinoma cervical.(AU) The cervical cancer is a major cause of death among women in developing countries. Persistent infection by human papillomavirus (HPV) and oncogenic involvement of the immune response are risk factors for the development of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and its progression to invasive cervical cancer. Early diagnosis and treatment of cancer precursor lesions are of great importance. Epigenetic studies are being conducted to evaluate its influence in the process of oncogenesis, since epigenetic alterations are present in almost all tumors. DNA methylation and histone acetylation are the two most studied epigenetic changes. An improved understanding of the epigenetic profile in CIN and invasive cervical cancer can be used in the diagnosis and prognosis of this cancer. The aim of this review was to understand the epigenetic changes found to date in patients with CIN and cervical cancer. We performed a literature review of studies indexed in databases such as PubMed and LILACS. It was found that, to our knowledge, there is no methylation marker with an adequate performance to serve as an indicator for cancer precursor lesions, or even for cervical carcinoma.(AU)
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