Staying vigilant of uncertainty to velocity of money: an application for oil-producing countries

Uncertainty in economic and financial variables has substantially changed the dynamics in monetary economics during the last two decades in oil‐producing countries. However, there are types of uncertainties which affect these countries heterogeneously in the short run and long run. For this purpose, Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model (ARDL) is estimated for oil‐producing countries and non‐homogenous results for money supply, income, oil, interest rate, US monetary policy and exchange uncertainties have been obtained.