Graphene quantum dots conjugated with polymers for two-photon properties under two-photon excitation

Few studies have investigated the two-photon properties of graphene quantum dots (GQDs) and GQD-conjugated polymers. The results of the present study revealed that conjugated polymers containing nitrogen and sulfur atoms caused higher quantum confinement of emissive energy to be trapped on the surface of nanomaterials, resulting in a high-photoluminescence quantum yield and notable two-photon properties. Additionally, the nanomaterials generated no reactive oxygen species-dependent oxidative stress on cells and served as promising two-photon contrast probes.