Scale Control With Graphite Heat-Transfer Tubes of Controlled Permeability to Steam

From Introduction: "The present project authorized under OSW Contract No. 14-01-0001-685 was undertaken to investigate the feasibility of controlling calcium sulfate scale by permission of condensate through graphite heat-transfer tubes. Specifically, the following tasks were accomplished during the course of this contract: Graphite tubes 108" long X 2" O.D. x 1 1/2" I.D. were manufactured at three permeability levels. A test apparatus was constructed and proved out as a useful and reliable probe. Tests were conducted at two brine concentrations. Some correlation of test considerations with scale formation was found. The economic practicality and the feasibility of using permeable tubes for desalinization were established."