Lithium–oxygen (air) batteries (state-of-the-art and perspectives)

Functional bases of power sources of Li–O2 type have been considered. Particular attention has been devoted to the Li–O2 system with liquid aprotic electrolyte as the most promising version of a rechargeable Li–O2 cell. The current status of research on the design of the principal components of Li–O2 battery represented by catalytically active and patterned materials, as well as binders for the formation of positive electrode, solvents and electrolytes, and separation membranes has been characterized. Insights into the mechanisms of the reactions that occur during discharge and recharge have been challenged and the factors that restrict cycling and discharge capacity of Li–O2 cell have been considered. Top-priority scientific and technological problems of the design of Li–O2 battery, which is competitive with respect to lithium-ion batteries, have been stated.