Sirtuin mechanism and inhibition: explored with Nε-acetyl-lysine analogs

Silent information regulator 2 (Sir2) enzymes or sirtuins are a family of intracellular protein deacetylases that can catalyze the β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (β-NAD+)-dependent deacetylation of Ne-acetyl-lysine on protein substrates, with the formation of lysine Ne-deacetylated protein species and small molecule products, i.e.nicotinamide and 2′-O-acetyl-ADP-ribose (2′-O-AADPR). These enzymes are evolutionarily conserved among all the three kingdoms of life, with the yeast Sir2 being the founding family member. In humans, seven sirtuins, i.e. SIRT1-7, have been identified. The past a few years have witnessed a tremendous interest in investigating the unique mechanism for the sirtuin-catalyzed deacetylation reaction. We have also seen a lot of research employing different strategies to identify different types of the inhibitors for this enzymatic deacetylation reaction. These inhibitors hold great potential toward a fuller exploration of sirtuin biology and pharmacology as well as toward developing novel therapeutics for metabolic and age-related diseases and cancer. Here we would like to review the significant contributions that the judicious use of a variety of Ne-acetyl-lysine analogs has been able to make toward our enhanced mechanistic understanding and capability of pharmacological exploitation of the sirtuin-catalyzed deacetylation reaction.