Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Associated Rheumatic Adverse Events: a Review of Their Presentations and Treatments

Purpose of review Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) are now the cornerstone of treatment for metastatic melanoma and are increasingly used in many other advanced stage malignancies. Immune checkpoint inhibitors enhance the endogenous anti-tumor response by inhibiting key regulatory pathways, facilitating robust anti-tumor responses, but often inducing a host of autoimmune toxicities which span multiple organ systems and are referred to as immune-related adverse events (irAEs). Here, we answer common questions rheumatologists may encounter in the management of these patients, including those with pre-existing autoimmune and rheumatic disease.