Soft X‐ray microscopy with a cryo scanning transmission X‐ray microscope: I. Instrumentation, imaging and spectroscopy

Summary We have developed a cryo scanning transmission X-ray microscope which uses soft X-rays from the National Synchrotron Light Source. The system is capable of imaging frozen hydrated specimens with a thickness of up to 10 mm at temperatures of around 100 K. We show images and spectra from frozen hydrated eukaryotic cells, and a demonstration that biological specimens do not suffer mass loss or morphological changes at radiation doses up to about 10 10 Gray. This makes possible studies where multiple images of the same specimen area are needed, such as tomography (Wang et al. (2000) Soft X-ray microscopy with a cryo scanning transmission X-ray microscope: II. Tomography. J. Microsc. 197, 80‐93) or spectroscopic analysis.