Modification of voltage model for electric-field-assisted ion-exchange method of glass-based waveguide

Traditional glass-waveguide-based electric-field-assisted ion-exchange model is characterized by the product of voltage and time which is well known as the voltage model. In the voltage model, the modeling condition is mainly assumed to be with a constant voltage (or a constant electric field) and temperature is considered to be a constant, diffuse depth is mainly determined by voltage and time. However, our recent studies and experimental results show that there is a thermally-induced warming effect in the ion-exchange, which leads to a change of local temperature in the glass substrate which means the electrical current induced heating effect and the decrease of the local electrical resist with the increase of the local temperature. In this paper, we analyze the influence of the temperature variation and introduce a temperature-independent parameter to modify the traditional voltage model and solve the influence of ion-exchanging temperature variation. Experiment results show that the voltage model with the temperature-independent parameter modification is more applicable than the traditional one. We obtain a more precise result than traditional model in our experiment.