Sandwich-like Sn/SnO2@Graphene anode composite assembled by fortissimo penetration of γ-ray and interlamellar limitation of graphene oxide

Abstract In developing high-performance electrode materials for ion batteries, manifold methods to assemble definite structures of graphene-SnO x composite anodes are presented. Here we have firstly put forward an efficient strategy based on fortissimo penetration from γ-ray irradiation to assemble graphene and Sn/SnO 2 composite, which is formed by a large-scale and simple synthesis method. And uniform SnO 2 and Sn nanoparticles sandwiched between graphene sheets (sandwich-like Sn/SnO 2 @ graphene composite) are fabricated due to the synergism of interlamellar limitation of graphene oxide and ultra-strong penetration and high energy of γ-ray, which help to improve conductivity of Sn/SnO 2 and can prevent Sn/SnO 2 agglomeration and volume expansion due to graphene sheets buffed. High initial capacity about 2970.3 mAh g −1 and stable cycle performance are exhibited. This facile method has potential prospects to offer an attractive alternative approach for preparation of metal nanoparticles/graphene composite as high performance electrodes for Li/Na-ion batteries.