Wheat endophytes and their potential role in managing abiotic stress under changing climate.

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivation differs considerably in respect of soil type, temperature, pH, organic matter, moisture regime, etc. Amongst these, rising atmospheric temperature due to global warming, is most important as it affects grain yield drastically. Studies have shown that for every 1oC rise in temperature above wheat's optimal growing temperature range of 20-25 oC, there is a decrease of 2.8 days and 1.5 mg in the grain filling period and kernel weight, respectively, resulting in wheat production reduction by 4-6 quintal per hectare. Growing demand for food and multidimensional issues of global warming may further push wheat crop to heat stress environments that can substantially affect heading duration, percent grain setting, maturity duration, grain growth rate and ultimately total grain yield. Considerable genetic variation exists in wheat gene pool with respect to various attributes associated with high temperature and stress tolerance, however only about 15 percent of the genetic variability could be incorporated into cultivated wheat so far. Thus, alternative strategies have to be explored and implemented for sustainable, more productive and environment friendly agriculture. One of the feasible and environment friendly option is to look at microorganisms which reside inside the plant without adversely affecting its growth, known as 'endophytes', and these colonize virtually all plant organs like roots, stems, leaves, flowers and grains. The relationship between plant and endophytes is vital to the plant health, productivity and overall survival under abiotic stress conditions. Thus, it becomes imperative to enlist the endophytes (bacterial and fungal) isolated till date from wheat cultivars, their mechanism of ingression and establishment inside plant organs, genes involved in ingression, the survival advantages they confer to the plant under abiotic stress conditions and the potential benefits of their use in sustainable wheat cultivation.