Climate niche differentiation between two passerines despite ongoing gene flow

Summary1. Niche evolution underpins the generation and maintenance of biological diversity, butniche conservatism, in which niches remain little changed over time in closely related taxa,and the role of ecology in niche evolution are continually debated.2. To test whether climate niches are conserved in two closely related passerines in East Asia– the vinous-throated (Paradoxornis webbianus) and ashy-throated (P. alphonsianus) parrot-bills – we established their potential allopatric and sympatric regions using ecological nichemodels and compared differences in their climate niches using niche overlap indices in back-ground tests and multivariate statistical analyses. We also used polymorphism data on 44nuclear genes to infer their divergence demography.3. We found that these two parrotbills occupy different climate niches, in both their allopat-ric and potential sympatric regions. Because the potential sympatric region is the area pre-dicted to be suitable for both parrotbills based on the ecological niche models, it can serve asa natural common garden. Therefore, their observed niche differences in this potential sympa-try were not simply rendered by phenotypic plasticity and probably had a genetic basis.4. Our genetic analyses revealed that the two parrotbills are not evolutionarily independentfor the most recent part of their divergence history. The two parrotbills diverged c.856 000 years ago and have had substantial gene flow since a presumed secondary contact c.290 000 years ago.5. This study provides an empirical case demonstrating that climate niches may not behomogenized in nascent species in spite of substantial, ongoing gene flow, which in turn sug-gests a role for ecology in promoting and maintaining diversification among incipient species.Key-words: divergence with gene flow, ecological niche modelling, niche evolution, parapa-try, secondary contact, speciationIntroduction