Formation of croprotation principles in agricultural systems

Goal. To generalize information on the systems of agriculture that were formed in the agriculture of Ukraine by the development of productive forces and relations of production. To develop a structure of alternative variants of crop rotations, taking into account the situation on the domestic and foreign markets and the specialization of production of the Left Bank Forest-Steppe. Methods. Common for field experiments and laboratory tests. The following parameters were determined in plant samples: the weight of 1000 grains (GOST 1084289), vitreous (GOST 1098776). They also performed a complete zootechnical analysis of plants (by spectroscopy on an infrared analyzer NIR Systems 4500). As to soil samples, they determined the following parameters: nitrate of nitrogen (ionometric method — GOST 26951-86), mobile phosphorus and exchangeable potassium in one extract (according to Chirikov — DSTU 4115-2002), dry matter, and moisture content (gravimetric method — DSTU ISO 11465-2001). Comparative assessment of the productivity of different crop rotations was made according to the volume of production per 1 ha of crop rotation area, which was recalculated: grain units — by coefficients, feed units, and digestible protein — by tables. Results. Ecological-economic different crop rotations were studied and introduced into production, which in market conditions would ensure the production of competitive products and preservation of soil fertility. For medium and small-scale enterprises of the Forest-Steppe, effective 4-field crop rotations with 100% grain saturation are recommended. For farms cultivating food and fodder grain, sugar beetroots, and producing sunflower and soybean oil, 6-7-field crop rotations are recommended. For farms producing livestock products, food and feed grain, sunflower, and soybean oil, 8-field crop rotations are recommended. Conclusions. In multisectoral farms of the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine it is necessary to introduce effective short-rotation 4- and 5-field and long-rotation 6-, 7- and 8-field crop rotations with the recommended set, ratio, and placement of field crops.