Gold nanoparticles–conjugated quercetin induces apoptosis via inhibition of EGFR/PI3K/Akt–mediated pathway in breast cancer cell lines (MCF‐7 and MDA‐MB‐231)

Epidermal growth factor plays a major role in breast cancer cell proliferation, survival, and metastasis. Quercetin, a bioactive flavonoid, is shown to exhibit anticarcinogenic effects against various cancers including breast cancer. Hence, the present study was designed to evaluate the effects of gold nanoparticles–conjugated quercetin (AuNPs-Qu-5) in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines. Borohydride reduced AuNPs were synthesized and conjugated with quercetin to yield AuNPs-Qu-5. Both were thoroughly characterized by several physicochemical techniques, and their cytotoxic effects were assessed by MTT assay. Apoptotic studies such as DAPI, AO/EtBr dual staining, and annexin V-FITC staining were performed. AuNPs and AuNPs-Qu-5 were spherical with crystalline nature, and the size of particles range from 3.0 to 4.5 nm. AuNPs-Qu-5 exhibited lower IC50 value compared to free Qu. There was a considerable increase in apoptotic population with increased nuclear condensation seen upon treatment with AuNPs-Qu-5. To delineate the molecular mechanism behind its apoptotic role, we analysed the proteins involved in apoptosis and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)–mediated PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β signalling by immunoblotting and immunocytochemistry. The pro-apoptotic proteins (Bax, Caspase-3) were found to be up regulated and anti-apoptotic protein (Bcl-2) was down regulated on treatment with AuNPs-Qu-5. Additionally, AuNPs-Qu-5 treatment inhibited the EGFR and its downstream signalling molecules PI3K/Akt/mTOR/GSK-3β. In conclusion, administration of AuNPs-Qu-5 in breast cancer cell lines curtails cell proliferation through induction of apoptosis and also suppresses EGFR signalling. AuNPs-Qu-5 is more potent than free quercetin in causing cancer cell death, and hence, this could be a potential drug delivery system in breast cancer therapy.