Electron Microscopy and Ultrastructures

Electron microscopy in association with physiological, biochemical, and genetical studies has provided information which helps in understanding the complex host-parasite relationship of this disease. With the use of light electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, fine structures of Hyaloperonospora parasitica have been observed during the process of host penetration, haustorium development, host-pathogen interface, conidia and conidiophore formation, and disease development along with host response, cytology, and genomics of the pathogen.