Relative Impact of Incorporating Pharmacokinetics on Predicting In Vivo Hazard and Mode of Action From High-Throughput In Vitro Toxicity Assays

The current process for evaluating the safety of pesticides, environmental contaminants, and industrial chemicals is resource intensive and relies heavily on the use of experimental animals. The in vivo testing required for each chemical depends on the specific use and production volume but may involve acute, subchronic, developmental, chronic, and multigenerational studies requiring several years, millions of dollars, and thousands of animals to complete. Due to the complexity and expense of these tests and the current regulations governing product registration, relatively few chemicals in commerce have