Fluid geochemistry and geothermometry in the unexploited geothermal field of the Vicano–Cimino Volcanic District (Central Italy)

Abstract The Vicano–Cimino Volcanic District (VCVD) is related to the post-orogenic magmatic activity of the peri-Tyrrhenian sector of Central Italy. The chemical and isotopic compositions of 333 water discharges and 25 gas emissions indicate the occurrence of two main sources: 1) cold Ca-HCO 3 to Ca(Na, K)-HCO 3 type waters from relatively shallow aquifers hosted in volcanic and sedimentary formations; and 2) thermal Ca-SO 4 (HCO 3 ) type waters located in a deep CO 2 -pressurized reservoir, hosted in carbonate–evaporite rocks and separated from the shallow aquifers by thick sequences of low-permeability formations. Carbon dioxide is mainly produced by thermal metamorphic decarbonation within the deepest and hottest parts of the carbonate–evaporite reservoir (δ 13 C–CO 2 from − 3.1 to + 2.2‰ vs. VPDB), likely affected by a mantle-rooted CO 2 . Release of CO 2 -rich gases from the deep aquifer into the overlying shallow aquifers produces high-CO 2 springs and bubbling pools. The spatial distribution of thermal waters and CO 2 -rich cold discharges is strongly controlled by fractures and faults located in correspondence with buried structural highs. Stable isotopes (δD and δ 18 O) suggest that meteoric water feeds both the shallow and deep reservoirs. The relatively low R/R a values (0.27–1.19) indicate that He is mainly deriving from a crustal source, with minor component from the mantle affected by crustal contamination related to the subduction of the Adriatic plate. Consistently, relatively high N 2 /Ar and N 2 / 3 He ratios and positive δ 15 N–N 2 values (from 0.91 to 5.7‰ vs. air) characterize the VCVD gas discharges, suggesting the occurrence of a significant “excess” nitrogen. Isotopic compositions of CH 4 (δ 13 C–CH 4 and δD–CH 4 values from − 28.9 to − 22.1‰ vs. VPDB and from − 176 to − 138‰ vs. VSMOW, respectively), and composition of light alkanes are indicative of prevalent thermogenic CH 4 , although the occurrence of abiogenic CH 4 production cannot be excluded. The δ 34 S–H 2 S values (from + 9.3 to + 11.4‰ vs. VCDT) are consistent with the hypothesis of H 2 S production from thermogenic reduction of Triassic anhydrites. Gas geothermometry in the H 2 O–H 2 –Ar–H 2 S system suggests that the VCVD gases equilibrated in a liquid phase at redox conditions controlled by interactions of fluids with the local mineral assemblage at temperatures lower (  2000 m) geothermal wells. This confirms that secondary processes, i.e. steam condensation, gas dissolution in shallow aquifers, re-equilibration at lower temperature, and microbial activity, significantly affect the chemistry of the uprising fluids. Thermal water chemistry supports the occurrence in this area of an anomalous heat flow that, coupled with the recent demographic growth, makes this site suitable for direct and indirect exploitation of the geothermal resource, in agreement with the preliminary surveys carried out in the 1970's–1990's for geothermal exploration purposes.